What are fragmentation effects in the context of an explosion?

In the context of an explosion, fragmentation effects refer specifically to the second option, which involves the material that is propelled from the blast site. When an explosion occurs, the rapid release of energy creates a shock wave that can cause surrounding materials to break apart and become projectiles, often referred to as fragments. These fragments can vary in size, shape, and speed, and they can travel significant distances from the explosion site due to the force of the blast. This phenomenon is particularly important in understanding the destructive potential of an explosive event, as fragments can cause injury or damage far beyond the immediate vicinity of the explosion.

In contrast, the other options, while related to aspects of an explosion, do not accurately define fragmentation effects. Sound waves, heat, and chemical residue are all characteristics or consequences of an explosion, but they do not specifically pertain to the physical pieces of material that are dislodged and scattered as a result of the fragmentation process.