What allows for the individualization of evidence in forensic contexts?

The individualization of evidence in forensic contexts primarily depends on individual characteristics. These characteristics are unique features or traits that can link a specific piece of evidence to a single source rather than a group. For example, in forensic science, individual characteristics might include specific patterns of a fingerprint, unique striations on a bullet, or the particular wear patterns on a tool mark.

When forensic analysts compare evidence that possesses individual characteristics to known samples, they can draw conclusions that allow them to connect that evidence to a specific person or object definitively. This level of specificity is crucial in forensic investigations, as it can solidify a case by establishing a clear and direct connection to an individual.

Class characteristics, in contrast, categorize evidence into broader groups and do not provide definitive identification. Physical alterations might refer to changes in evidence due to environmental influences or handling, which can complicate the interpretation but do not inherently provide individuality on their own. Chain of custody is vital for maintaining the integrity of evidence throughout the legal process but does not impact how evidence can be individualized. Thus, individual characteristics are the key to achieving individualization in forensic contexts.